By Mirwais Haidari
Alexander Wendt’s Social Theory of International Politics is one of the most influential works in modern international relations theory.
In this book Wendt challenges traditional realist thinking, which explains global politics mainly through power, military strength, and national interests.
Instead, Wendt introduces a constructivist approach. He argues that international politics is socially constructed, meaning that the behaviour of states is shaped not only by material forces but also by ideas, identities, norms, and shared understandings.
His famous claim, “anarchy is what states make of it”, suggests that the international system is not fixed or naturally hostile, but shaped by how states interpret and interact with each others.
The book explains that relationships between countries depend on perception and interpretation. Two states may act as allies or enemies not because of geography or resources, but because of historical experience, trust, and identity.
In this sense, in the international system there are no permanent friends or permanent enemies. Instead, what matters is how states define their interests.
If interests are defined in a compatible way co-operation becomes possible, but if states fail to define their interests in a compatible way, relations become conflictual and may lead to temporary or long-term hostility.
Although the book is highly theoretical and sometimes difficult to read, it is extremely valuable for students of political science and international relations. It provides a deeper understanding of global politics beyond simple power struggles.
Wendt’s work is essential for anyone interested in international relations. It shows that ideas and identities are just as important as military and economic power in shaping world politics.
Featured image: The reviewer with a book by Alexander Wendt. Photo: Mirwais Haidari
